Spiritual Intelligence among Late-Adolescent Preparatory School Students: A Descriptive–Comparative Study by Gender and Academic Specialization
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Objective: This study aimed to assess the level of spiritual intelligence among late-adolescent preparatory school students and examine differences according to gender and academic specialization.
Methods and Materials: A descriptive–comparative cross-sectional design was used. The sample consisted of 400 fifth- and sixth-grade preparatory school students from the Karkh III Directorate of Education during the 2023–2024 academic year. Participants were selected through stratified random sampling and included 160 males and 240 females; 218 students were in the scientific specialization and 182 in the literary specialization. Data were collected using a researcher-developed 20-item Spiritual Intelligence Scale covering enjoyment of life, meaning of life, self-awareness, and self-transcendence. The scale showed acceptable psychometric properties, including Cronbach’s alpha of .84, test–retest reliability of .82, and a four-factor structure explaining 61.84% of the variance. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-sample t-test, and two-way ANOVA in SPSS version 26.
Findings: Students showed a significantly high level of spiritual intelligence, M = 80.46, SD = 12.903, compared with the theoretical midpoint of 60, t(399) = 31.71, p < .001, Cohen’s d = 1.59. Gender had a significant effect on spiritual intelligence, F(1, 396) = 4.81, p = .029, partial η² = .012, with higher scores among females than males. Academic specialization was not significant, F(1, 396) = 0.06, p = .808, and the gender × specialization interaction was also non-significant, F(1, 396) = 2.32, p = .128.
Conclusion: Late-adolescent preparatory school students demonstrated high spiritual intelligence, with a small gender difference favoring females but no effect of academic specialization.
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